Radical chemistry in polymer science: an overview and recent advances

• Zixiao Wang,
• Feichen Cui,
• Yang Sui and
• Jiajun Yan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1580–1603, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.116

• “living radical polymerization”. Despite the fact that radical polymerization is never as “living” as the anionic counterpart, RDRP as per the IUPAC definition, or more commonly named controlled radical polymerization (CRP) has made a booming progress and attracted great attention in the past three

A two-phase bromination process using tetraalkylammonium hydroxide for the practical synthesis of α-bromolactones from lactones

• Yuki Yamamoto,
• Akihiro Tabuchi,
• Kazumi Hosono,
• Takanori Ochi,
• Kento Yamazaki,
• Shintaro Kodama,
• Akihiro Nomoto and
• Akiya Ogawa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2906–2914, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.198

• the α-position relative to the carbonyl group, is the most versatile synthetic intermediate [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. α-Bromolactones are widely used as synthetic intermediates for functional materials and pharmaceuticals, as well as initiators in atom-transfer living radical

• polymerization (ATRP) reactions and functional polymer synthesis [29][30][31][32][33][34]. Although α-bromo-γ-butyrolactone, which is a five-membered lactone, is easily accessible from the five-membered lactone by some bromination methods [35][36], the bromination method for the six-membered lactone, δ

Photophysics and photochemistry of NIR absorbers derived from cyanines: key to new technologies based on chemistry 4.0

• Bernd Strehmel,
• Christian Schmitz,
• Ceren Kütahya,
• Yulian Pang,
• Anke Drewitz and
• Heinz Mustroph

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 415–444, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.40

• been in progress. Tailor-made synthesis by photo-ATRP with NIR sensitizers NIR absorbers/sensitizers have also reached the field of polymer synthesis; that is controlled/living radical polymerization (CLRP). This facilitates well-defined polymeric materials with pre-design architectures, predetermined

• shown to realize photoinitiated controlled/living radical polymerization of various monomers in metal free conditions. In the visible region, several dyes (fluorescein, eosin Y, erythrosin B) worked well to mediate ATRP in the presence of amines [72]. The reversibility of the electron transfer steps

Organometallic vs organic photoredox catalysts for photocuring reactions in the visible region

• Aude-Héloise Bonardi,
• Frédéric Dumur,
• Guillaume Noirbent,
• Jacques Lalevée and
• Didier Gigmes

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3025–3046, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.282

• structures of photoredox organocatalysts. Structures of benchmarked monomers. Structure of the CARET additive. Photoredox catalysis mechanism of a visible light-mediated living radical polymerization. (Abbreviation: PC for photoredox catalyst, [PC]* the photoredox catalyst at its excited state, Pn the

Block copolymers from ionic liquids for the preparation of thin carbonaceous shells

• Sadaf Hanif,
• Bernd Oschmann,
• Dmitri Spetter,
• Muhammad Nawaz Tahir,
• Wolfgang Tremel and
• Rudolf Zentel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1693–1701, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.163

• about controlled/living radical polymerization, like nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) [2]. In general, by controlled radical polymerization techniques it is possible to prepare

Methylenelactide: vinyl polymerization and spatial reactivity effects

• Judita Britner and
• Helmut Ritter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2378–2389, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.232

• -Michael additions on MLA were reported [11][12]. In this paper, we wish to present a kinetic study of free radical and controlled/living radical polymerization of MLA. The latter reactions were conducted via a reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) mechanism. We also investigated the

Organotellurium-mediated living radical polymerization under photoirradiation by a low-intensity light-emitting diode

• Yasuyuki Nakamura and
• Shigeru Yamago

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1607–1612, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.183

• -emitting diode; living radical polymerization; organotellurium compound; photopolymerization; tellurium; visible light; Introduction Living radical polymerization (LRP) is one of the most powerful methods for the synthesis of structurally well-defined polymers because of its robustness and high

Stability of SG1 nitroxide towards unprotected sugar and lithium salts: a preamble to cellulose modification by nitroxide-mediated graft polymerization

• Guillaume Moreira,
• Laurence Charles,
• Mohamed Major,
• Florence Vacandio,
• Yohann Guillaneuf,
• Catherine Lefay and
• Didier Gigmes

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1589–1600, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.181

• polysaccharide backbone. This last method is the most convenient one as it is less sensitive to steric hindrance problems, which can limit the grafting process. The development of controlled/living radical polymerization (CLRP) techniques, such as atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) [4][5][6][7

The synthesis of well-defined poly(vinylbenzyl chloride)-grafted nanoparticles via RAFT polymerization

• John Moraes,
• Kohji Ohno,
• Guillaume Gody,
• Thomas Maschmeyer and
• Sébastien Perrier

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1226–1234, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.139

• applications. The establishment in the 1990s of living radical polymerization (LRP, defined as reversible deactivation radical polymerization by the IUPAC), has dramatically changed the polymer-synthesis landscape allowing the easy production of well-defined polymeric materials of desired molecular weights

RAFT polymers for protein recognition

• Alan F. Tominey,
• Julia Liese,
• Sun Wei,
• Klaus Kowski,
• Thomas Schrader and
• Arno Kraft

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 66, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.66

• living radical polymerization (RAFT). The resulting copolymers were water-soluble and displayed narrow polydispersities. They formed tight complexes with basic proteins depending on the nature and amount of the binding monomer as well as on the choice of the added hydrophobic comonomer. Keywords

New amphiphilic glycopolymers by click functionalization of random copolymers – application to the colloidal stabilisation of polymer nanoparticles and their interaction with concanavalin A lectin

• Otman Otman,
• Paul Boullanger,
• Eric Drockenmuller and
• Thierry Hamaide

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 58, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.58

• surfactants for mini-emulsion polymerization [5][6]. Amphiphilic block copolymers with pendant glucosamine units have been obtained by living cationic polymerization and their interaction with wheat germ agglutinin lectin investigated [7]. More recently, the synthesis of neoglycopolymers by living radical

• polymerization and click chemistry has been reported [8][9]. Besides homopolymers or block copolymers, statistical copolymers obtained from conventional radical polymerization deserve special attention because of their ease of synthesis. Well controlled MW as well as narrow PI are not always pre-requisites to